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                  WORK STRESS  1. Introduction Work-related stress is a pattern of reactions that occurs when workers are presented with work demands that are not matched to their knowledge, skills or abilities, and which challenge their ability to cope. These demands may be related to time pressure or the amount of work (quantitative demands), or may refer to the difficulty of the work (cognitive demands) or the empathy required or even to the inability to show one's emotions at work. Demands may also be physical, i.e., high demands in the area of dynamic and static loads. When the worker perceives an imbalance between demands and environmental or personal resources, this can cause a number of possible reactions. These may include physiological responses (e.g., increase in heart rate, blood pressure, hyperventilation), emotional responses (e.g., feeling nervous or irritated), cognitive responses (e.g., reduced attention and perception, ...

          Trait Theories of                           Personality  Trait Theories  A trait is defined as "any distinguishing, relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another." Accordingly, trait theorists are concerned with the construction of personality tests (or inventories) that pinpoint individual differences in terms of specific traits. Trait theorists advocated that personality tests will indicate the individual differences in terms of specific traits. Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe individual's behaviour. The more consistent the characteristics and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important that trait is, in describing the individual. Several attempts have been made to isolate personality traits and in this process, several thousands of traits have been pointed out. But it would better if the tra...

                PERSONALITY  Meaning and Definition of Personality The term personality has been derived from Latin word 'personare', which means 'to speak through'. Personality means how people affect others and how they understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction. Personality is used in terms of influencing others through external appearance. Sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality is an internalized system which includes all those aspects of a person that are inherited as well as those that are learned. These two internal aspects are interdependent and cannot be isolated. According to Schiffman and Kanuk, "Personality can be defined as those inner psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person responds to his or her environment". According to Gordon Allport, "Personality is the ...

                        VALUES  Meaning and Definition of Values A value system is viewed as a relatively permanent perceptual framework which influences the nature of an individual's behaviour. The values are the attributes possessed by an individual and thought desirable. Values are similar to attitudes but are more permanent and well built in nature.  A value may be defined as concept of a desirable, an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individual's evaluations of the many objects encountered in every day life.  Values are so embedded that they can be inferred from people's behaviour and their perception, personality and motivation. They generally influence their behaviour. Values are relatively stable and enduring. This is because of the way in which they are originally learnt. Everyone has a hierarchy ...

                MOTIVATION  Meaning and Definition of Motivation  'Motivation is derived from the word 'motive'. Motive refers to the needs, wants, drives, impulses within individuals. Motivation may be defined as the process of stimulating people to action, to accomplish desired goals. It involves arousing needs and desires in people to initiate and direct their behaviour in a purposive manner. According to Likert, "It is the core of management which shows that every human being gives him a sense of worth in face-to-face groups which are most important to him. A supervisor should strive to treat individuals with dignity and recognition of their personal worth". According to S.P. Robbins, "Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the effort and ability to satisfy some individual need". According to Dalton E. McFarland, "Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives,...

/* Square Star pattern*/  #include<stdio.h> int main() { int i,j; for(i=1; i<=5; i++) {  for(j=1; j<=5; j++) {  printf("*"); // put any character } printf("\n"); } return 0; }  Output: